Tahapan pembangunan jalan dari tahap konstruksi ke tahap operasi, mengkonsumsi sejumlah besar energi serta menghasilkan emisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis jumlah energi dan emisi gas rumah kaca (CO₂) pada pekerjaan jalan dengan perkerasan lentur (aspal) dan perkerasan kaku (beton) dengan menggunakan pendekatan Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Studi kasus dilakukan pada ruas jalan di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengestimasi konsumsi energi dan emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) yaitu metode Tabel Energy Use and GHG Emissions for Pavement Construction dan Metode Konversi Bahan Bakar yang mengacu pada prosedur standar Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Hasil perhitungan, dengan pendekatan LCA jumlah konsumsi energi untuk konstruksi perkerasan kaku berjumlah 612.16 GJ dan perkerasan lentur berjumlah 268.91 GJ. Hasil perhitungan total emisi menunjukkan perkerasan lentur sebesar 19949.38 kgCO₂/km dan perkerasan kaku sebesar 45414.75 kgCO₂/km. Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa perkerasan lentur lebih ramah terhadap lingkungan dan lebih berkelanjutan dibandingkan dengan perkerasan kaku.

Dixit, M. K., Culp, C. H., & Fernandez-Solis, J. L. (2015). Embodied energy of construction materials: Integrating human and capital energy into an IO-based hybrid model. Environmental Science and Technology, 49(3), 1936–1945. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503896v

Fei, L., Zhang, Q., & Xie, Y. (2017). Study on energy consumption evaluation of mountainous highway based on LCA. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 69(1), 012036–012044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/69/1/012036

Grael, P. F. F., Oliveira, L. S. B. L., Oliveira, D. S. B. L., & Bezerra, B. S. (2021). Life cycle inventory and impact assessment for an asphalt pavement road construction—a case study in Brazil. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 26(2), 402–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01842-5

Horvath, A., & Hendrickson, C. (1998). Comparison of environmental implications of asphalt and steel-reinforced. Transportation Research Record 1626, 1626(98), 105–113.

Intergovernal Panel on Climate Change. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidlines for National Greehouse Gas Inventories (S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, & K. Tanabe, eds.). Retrieved from Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) website: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp

Inyim, P., Pereyra, J., Bienvenu, M., & Mostafavi, A. (2016). Environmental assessment of pavement infrastructure: A systematic review. Journal of Environmental Management, 176, 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.03.042

ISO 14040:2006. (2006). Environmental management - life cycle assessment - principles and framework (2nd ed, Vol. 44). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.01.007

Isya, M., Rani, H. A., & Utama, F. P. (2019). Effect of Green Road Concept on Waste Management on Road Construction in the Banda Aceh City. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 469(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/469/1/012061

Kim, B., Lee, H., Park, H., & Kim, H. (2012). Framework for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Due to Asphalt Pavement Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(11), 1312–1321. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000549

Kucukvar, M., & Tatari, O. (2012). Ecologically based hybrid life cycle analysis of continuously reinforced concrete and hot-mix asphalt pavements. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(1), 86–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.05.006

Lawalata, G. M. (2013). Sustainable Road Development Principles. Jurnal Transportasi, 13(2), 115–124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26593/jt.v13i2.531.%25p

Lawalata, G. M. (2019). Pemeringkatan Jalan Hijau untuk Mendukung Implementasi Program Konstruksi Jalan Berkelanjutan. Jurnal HPJI, 5(1), 21–30.

Ma, F., Sha, A., Yang, P., & Huang, Y. (2016). The Greenhouse Gas Emission from Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Construction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(632), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070632

Meijer, J. R., Huijbregts, M. A. J., Schotten, K. C. G. J., & Schipper, A. M. (2018). Global patterns of current and future road infrastructure. Environmental Research Letters, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabd42

Mulyana, A., & Wirahadikusumah, R. (2017). Analysis of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the construction phase case study: construction of Cisumdawu road. Jurnal Teknik Sipil ITB, 24(3), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.5614/jts.2017.24.3.10

Ramesh, T., Prakash, R., & Shukla, K. K. (2010). Life cycle energy analysis of buildings : An overview. Energy and Buildings, 42(10), 1592–1600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.05.007

Santos, J., Ferreira, A., & Flintsch, G. (2015). A life Cycle Assessment Model for Pavement Management : Road Pavement Construction and Management in Portugal. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 16(4), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2014.942862

Thives, L. P., & Ghisi, E. (2017). Asphalt Mixtures Emission and Energy Consumption: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72(June 2015), 473–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.087

Wang, H., Al-Saadi, I., Lu, P., & Jasim, A. (2019). Quantifying greenhouse gas emission of asphalt pavement preservation at construction and use stages using life-cycle assessment. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1519086

Wibowo, M. A., Uda, S. A. K. A., & Zhabrinna. (2018). Reducing carbon emission in construction base on project life cycle (PLC). MATEC Web of Conferences, 195, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819506002

Wirahadikusumah, R., & Sahana, H. (2012). Estimasi Konsumsi Energi Dan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Pada Pekerjaan Pengaspalan Jalan. Jurnal Teknik Sipil ITB, 19(1), 25–36.

Zapata, P., & Gambatese, J. A. (2005). Energy consumption of asphalt and reinforced concrete pavement materials and construction. Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 11(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0342(2005)11:1(9)

Zheng, Z., Gao, X., Wang, J., & Ji, X. (2019). Prediction Model for Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission of Asphalt Surface Construction. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 330, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/330/2/022052