Tipologi Courtyard pada Permukiman Tionghoa Lasem

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ABSTRAK
Hunian Tionghoa di Lasem Jawa Tengah merupakan salah satu peninggalan budaya di Indonesia yang masih meninggalkan warisan hingga saat ini. Hunian Tionghoa di Lasem berkembang sejak abad ke-15, dimana kawasan ini mulai membentuk kawasan pecinan khas yang dikenali melalui hunian courtyard dan gerbang masuk sebagai bagian dari fasade bangunan. Permukiman yang didirikan membentuk kawasan yang terpisah dari kawasan pribumi. Masing-masing kawasan memiliki bangunan penting berupa tempat ibadah (kelenteng) dan keraton sebagai inti permukiman. Hunian courtyard Tionghoa di Lasem memiliki unsur budaya campuran, seperti adanya elemen arsitektur bergaya Cina, kolonial serta Jawa. Tujuan penelitian ini antara lain menganalisis tipologi hunian courtyard di permukiman Tionghoa Lasem dimana terdapat akulturasi langgam arsitektur di dalamnya. Metoda penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dimana pengambilan data dilakukan secara kualitatif. Setiap tipe hunian courtyard memberikan image berbeda tergantung dari komposisi bangunan yang ada di dalamnya sehingga memiliki ciri khas tertentu. Suasana ruang courtyard dipengaruhi oleh hadirnya gerbang dengan atap ngang shan, bangunan utama berupa thienching maupun chengshen serta hulung yang melengkapi elemen hunian. Kavling hunian courtyard memiliki variasi bentuk akibat dari perubahan yang ada pada elemen fisik sehingga ruang courtyard berpotensi untuk berubah dan berkembang menjadi bangunan tumbuh.

Kata kunci: Hunian Courtyard, Permukiman Tionghoa, Lasem

ABSTRACT
Chinese occupancy in Lasem, Central Java is one of the cultural heritages in Indonesia which still leaves a legacy until now. Chinese occupancy in Lasem developed since the 15th century, where the area began to form a distinctive Chinatown area that was recognized through courtyard and entrance gates as part of the building facade. Established settlements form a separate area from the indigenous region. Each area has an important building in the form of a place of worship (kelenteng) and a palace as the core of the settlement. Chinese courtyard occupancy in Lasem has a mixture of cultural elements, such as the presence of Chinese, colonial and Javanese architectural elements. The purpose of this study included analyzing the residential typology of courtyard in the Chinese settlement of Lasem where there was acculturation in the style of architecture. The research method used is descriptive where data collection is done qualitatively. Each type of residential courtyard gives a different image depending on the composition of the building in it so that it has certain characteristics. The atmosphere of the courtyard room is influenced by the presence of a gate with the roof of the Ngang Shan, the main building in the form of thienching and chengshen and hulung which complements the residential elements. Courtyard residential plots have a variety of forms as a result of changes in physical elements so that courtyard space has the potential to change and develop into a growing building.

Keywords: Courtyard Houses, Chinese Settlement, Lasem