1.png)
Implementasi Konsep Kota Spons dalam Pengelolaan Air Perkotaan: Evaluasi Efektivitas Melalui Studi Literatur pada Beberapa Kota di Cina
Sari
ABSTRAK
Banjir perkotaan merupakan permasalahan utama di seluruh dunia. Urbanisasi di Cina meningkatkan intensitas hujan dan efek pulau panas perkotaan, yang mengubah hidrologi regional dan meningkatkan risiko banjir. Pada 2013, Cina meluncurkan program 30 Kota Spons untuk mengurangi genangan air, memanfaatkan air hujan, mengendalikan aliran air, dan meningkatkan lingkungan air perkotaan. Konsep Kota Spons menekankan konservasi, restorasi, dan rehabilitasi ekosistem, menciptakan kota yang tangguh dan mampu mempertahankan hidrologi alami. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi efektivitas manajemen air hujan perkotaan dengan menggunakan indeks Kota Spons di Cina berdasarkan studi literatur. Hasilnya menunjukan keberhasilan signifikan Kota Spons dalam penanganan air hujan, menghilangkan polutan, dan meredakan efek pulau panas perkotaan. Selain itu, artikel ini memberikan wawasan tentang tantangan, regulasi, serta skema pembiayaan yang digunakan di Cina untuk mengeksplorasi kemungkinan kebijakan masa depan yang dapat diadopsi oleh kota-kota di Indonesia Dengan menerapkan konsep Kota Spons, diharapkan dapat mengurangi risiko banjir dan meningkatkan ketahanan air di kota-kota Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Kota Spons, pengelolaan limpasan air, infrastruktur hijau
ABSTRACT
Urban flooding is a major issue worldwide. Urbanization in China has increased the intensity of rainfall and the urban heat island effect, altering regional hydrology and increasing flood risks. In 2013, China launched the Sponge City program to reduce waterlogging, utilize rainwater, control runoff, and improve urban water environments. The Sponge City concept emphasizes the conservation, restoration, and rehabilitation of ecosystems, creating resilient cities capable of maintaining natural hydrology. This research evaluates the effectiveness of urban rainwater management in China using the Sponge City index based on literature studies. The results show the significant success of Sponge Cities in managing rainwater, removing pollutants, and alleviating the urban heat island effect. Additionally, this article provides insights into the challenges, regulations, and financing schemes used in China to explore future policy possibilities that could be adopted by cities in Indonesia. By implementing the Sponge City concept, it is hoped that flood risks can be reduced and water resilience can be improved in Indonesian cities.
Keywords: Sponge City, water runoff management, green infrastructure
Kata Kunci
Teks Lengkap:
PDFReferensi
A. Busari, E. Rochaida, Z. Hasid, and A. Erwin Kurniawan, “Population and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Indonesia,” Econ. Altern., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 697–710, 2022, doi: 10.37075/EA.2022.4.08.
Y. Zhao, J. Xia, Z. Xu, L. Zou, Y. Qiao, and P. Li, “Impact of urban expansion on rain island effect in jinan city, north china,” Remote Sens., vol. 13, no. 15, pp. 1–16, 2021, doi: 10.3390/rs13152989.
Y. Jiang, C. Zevenbergen, and Y. Ma, “Urban pluvial flooding and stormwater management: A contemporary review of China’s challenges and ‘sponge cities’ strategy,” Environ. Sci. Policy, vol. 80, no. September 2017, pp. 132–143, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.016.
J. Yan, R. Li, and R. Ran, “When Collaborative Water Governance Meets Authoritarian Environmentalism: The Dilemma of Safe Water Supply Project in Coal Mining Villages of China’s Shanxi Province,” Sustain., vol. 14, no. 3, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su14031277.
Y. Wang, Z. Jiang, and L. Zhang, “Sponge City Policy and Sustainable City Development: The Case of Shenzhen,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 9, no. January, pp. 1–5, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.772490.
S. Wang and E. Palazzo, “Sponge City and social equity: Impact assessment of urban stormwater management in Baicheng City, China,” Urban Clim., vol. 37, no. April, p. 100829, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100829.
F. Chikhi, C. Li, Q. Ji, and X. Zhou, “Review of Sponge City implementation in China: performance and policy,” Water Sci. Technol., vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 2499–2520, 2023, doi: 10.2166/wst.2023.312.
J. Zhou et al., “Effective evaluation of infiltration and storage measures in sponge city construction: A case study of Fenghuang City,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 10, no. 7, 2018, doi: 10.3390/w10070937.
H. Li, L. Ding, M. Ren, C. Li, and H. Wang, “Sponge city construction in China: A survey of the challenges and opportunities,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1–17, 2017, doi: 10.3390/w9090594.
C. Mei, J. Liu, H. Wang, Z. Yang, X. Ding, and W. Shao, “Integrated assessments of green infrastructure for flood mitigation to support robust decision-making for sponge city construction in an urbanized watershed,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 639, pp. 1394–1407, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.199.
D. Yin et al., “Sponge city practice in China: A review of construction, assessment, operational and maintenance,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 280, p. 124963, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124963.
T. T. Nguyen, H. H. Ngo, W. Guo, and X. C. Wang, “A new model framework for sponge city implementation: Emerging challenges and future developments,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 253, no. October 2019, p. 109689, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109689.
C. Xiang, J. Liu, W. Shao, C. Mei, and J. Zhou, “Sponge city construction in China: Policy and implementation experiences,” Water Policy, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 19–37, 2019, doi: 10.2166/wp.2018.021.
J. Hou, H. Mao, J. Li, and S. Sun, “Spatial simulation of the ecological processes of stormwater for sponge cities,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 232, no. 539, pp. 574–583, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.111.
Y. S. Zhang, “Sponge City Theory and its Application in Landscape,” World Constr., vol. 6, no. 1, p. 29, 2017, doi: 10.18686/wc.v6i1.84.
X. Li, J. Li, X. Fang, Y. Gong, and W. Wang, “Case Studies of the Sponge City Program in China,” World Environ. Water Resour. Congr. 2016 Watershed Manag. Irrig. Drainage, Water Resour. Plan. Manag. - Pap. from Sess. Proc. 2016 World Environ. Water Resour. Congr., no. October 2017, pp. 295–308, 2016, doi: 10.1061/9780784479858.031.
S. Shang, L. Wang, Y. Wang, X. Su, L. Li, and X. Xia, “Exploration of sponge city construction in China from the perspective of typical cases,” Front. Earth Sci., vol. 11, no. July, 2023, doi: 10.3389/feart.2023.1238203.
Y. Peng and K. Reily, “Using Nature to Reshape Cities and Live with Water: An Overview of the Chinese Sponge City Programme and Its Implementation in Wuhan,” no. January, pp. 1–43, 2021.
D. Yin et al., “Sponge City Practices in China: From Pilot Exploration to Systemic Demonstration,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 10, 2022, doi: 10.3390/w14101531.
R. L. Hermaputi and C. Hua, “Creating Urban Water Resilience: Review of China’s Development Strategies ‘Sponge City’ Concept and Practices,” Indones. J. Plan. Dev., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1, 2017, doi: 10.14710/ijpd.2.1.1-10.
Q. Li, F. Wang, Y. Yu, Z. Huang, M. Li, and Y. Guan, “Comprehensive performance evaluation of LID practices for the sponge city construction: A case study in Guangxi, China,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 231, no. October 2018, pp. 10–20, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.024.
J. Griffiths, F. K. Shun Chan, M. Shao, F. Zhu, and D. L. Higgitt, “Interpretation and application of Sponge City guidelines in China,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., vol. 378, no. 2168, 2020, doi: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0222.
M. Randall, F. Sun, Y. Zhang, and M. B. Jensen, “Evaluating Sponge City volume capture ratio at the catchment scale using SWMM,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 246, no. May, pp. 745–757, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.134.
M. Wang, X. Wang, C. Yi, and X. Ge, “Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Sponge City Construction Based on the Life Cycle Cost Theory—A Case Study of the Yanshan South Road Area of Qian’an City, China,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 17, 2022, doi: 10.3390/w14172647.
M. Hu, T. Sayama, X. Zhang, K. Tanaka, K. Takara, and H. Yang, “Evaluation of low impact development approach for mitigating flood inundation at a watershed scale in China,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 193, pp. 430–438, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.020.
P. Hua et al., “Evaluating the effect of urban flooding reduction strategies in response to design rainfall and low impact development,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 242, p. 118515, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118515.
Q. Liu, W. Cui, Z. Tian, Y. Tang, M. Tillotson, and J. Liu, “Stormwater Management Modeling in ‘Sponge City’ Construction: Current State and Future Directions,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 9, no. January, pp. 1–16, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.816093.
H. Wang, C. Mei, J. H. Liu, and W. W. Shao, “A new strategy for integrated urban water management in China: Sponge city,” Sci. China Technol. Sci., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 317–329, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11431-017-9170-5.
J. Song, R. Yang, Z. Chang, W. Li, and J. Wu, “Adaptation as an indicator of measuring low-impact-development effectiveness in urban flooding risk mitigation,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 696, p. 133764, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133764.
T. Cheng, B. Huang, Z. Yang, J. Qiu, B. Zhao, and Z. Xu, “On the effects of flood reduction for green and grey sponge city measures and their synergistic relationship—Case study in Jinan sponge city pilot area,” Urban Clim., vol. 42, no. August 2021, p. 101058, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2021.101058.
S. Deng, X. Zhang, Z. Shao, W. Yan, H. Chai, and Q. He, “An integrated urban stormwater model system supporting the whole life cycle of sponge city construction programs in China,” J. Water Clim. Chang., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 298–312, 2019, doi: 10.2166/wcc.2018.197.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v8i1.87-104
Refbacks
- Saat ini tidak ada refbacks.
Alamat redaksi dan tata usaha:
Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Institut Teknologi Nasional
Fakultas, gedung 14 Lantai 3
Jl. PHH. Mustapa 23 Bandung 40124
Tlp. 022-7272215 Pes. 159, Fax. 022-7202892,
e-mail: hrekayasa@itenas.ac.id
Terindeks:
Jurnal ini terlisensi oleh Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
